Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA) is a multidisciplinary and technology-based approach to crop production under targeted environmental conditions to optimize plant growth, quality, and resource efficiency. This article introduces the fundamentals of CEA, including its historical development, common structures, and soilless systems such as hydroponics. It explores key environmental factors managed in CEA, including light, temperature, humidity, irrigation, and CO₂, and highlights the diverse crops grown, from food and ornamentals to medicinal plants. Readers will gain insight into the advantages of CEA, including climate resilience, sustainability, and market opportunities, as well as challenges such as energy demand and high start-up costs. Finally, the article discusses future directions, emphasizing innovation, workforce development, and collaboration to ensure profitability and environmental stewardship in CEA systems.

Indoor vertical farming is a form of controlled environment agriculture (CEA) that produces crops in stacked layers within enclosed spaces using carefully managed light, temperature, water, and nutrients. This publication introduces the key concepts of indoor vertical farming, including common production systems, facility types, and crops suited for these operations. It outlines potential benefits such as year-round production, efficient resource use, and proximity to local markets, while also discussing challenges like high startup costs, energy demands, and system complexity. The publication also highlights important considerations for producers, including market evaluation, facility selection, and environmental management. This resource provides a foundational overview for individuals interested in understanding or exploring indoor vertical farming systems.